# LoRaWAN Web Portal – Design Specification

**Date:** 2026-03-19
**Based on:** Pflichtenheft v2.2 (März 2026)
**Approach:** Bottom-up implementation, pflichtenheft as goal with flexibility in implementation details

---

## 1. Overview

Web-based monitoring portal for LoRaWAN sensor infrastructure. Receives uplink data from IoT devices via ChirpStack HTTP Integration, stores measurements in InfluxDB, manages device/sensor configuration in SQLite, and presents everything through a secured React frontend.

### Key Decisions (Deviations from Pflichtenheft)

| Area | Pflichtenheft | Implementation | Reason |
|------|--------------|----------------|--------|
| SQLx | 0.7 | 0.8 | Current version, better SQLite support |
| Axum | 0.7 | 0.8 | Current version, improved API |
| Vite | 5 | 6 | Faster builds, no breaking changes for us |
| Tailwind | 3.4 | 4 | CSS-based engine, better performance |
| Rust Edition | 2021 | 2024 | Current standard |
| Deploy path | — | /opt/loraweb | As specified in pflichtenheft |

React 18, `config` crate, and core architecture remain unchanged.

---

## 2. Project Structure

```
LORAWEB_NEU/
├── Cargo.toml                    # Workspace root (members: backend/daemon, backend/api)
├── backend/
│   ├── daemon/
│   │   ├── Cargo.toml
│   │   ├── Dockerfile
│   │   └── src/
│   │       ├── main.rs           # Tokio runtime, task spawning
│   │       ├── config.rs         # AppConfig via config crate
│   │       ├── http.rs           # Axum HTTP ingest listener
│   │       ├── influx.rs         # InfluxDB writer
│   │       ├── db.rs             # Topic registration (SQLite)
│   │       └── alarm.rs          # Alarm monitor loop
│   └── api/
│       ├── Cargo.toml
│       ├── Dockerfile
│       └── src/
│           ├── main.rs           # Router, DB init, AppState
│           ├── auth.rs           # JWT, Argon2, TOTP
│           ├── sensors.rs        # CRUD + data + display-config
│           ├── topics.rs         # Topic management
│           ├── alarms.rs         # Alarm endpoints
│           └── users.rs          # User CRUD + 2FA
├── frontend/
│   ├── src/
│   │   ├── App.tsx               # Router, protected routes
│   │   ├── api/client.ts         # Axios instance + API functions
│   │   ├── store/authStore.ts    # React Context auth state
│   │   ├── pages/
│   │   │   ├── LoginPage.tsx
│   │   │   ├── DashboardPage.tsx
│   │   │   ├── SensorsPage.tsx   # DataModal, multi-chart, mobile cards
│   │   │   ├── UnknownTopicsPage.tsx
│   │   │   ├── AlarmsPage.tsx
│   │   │   └── UsersPage.tsx
│   │   └── components/
│   │       ├── Layout.tsx        # Responsive sidebar + hamburger drawer
│   │       └── StatusBadge.tsx
│   ├── Dockerfile
│   └── nginx.conf
├── database/
│   └── migrations/001_initial.sql
├── deploy/
│   ├── docker-compose.yml        # Project name: loraweb
│   ├── .env.example
│   └── loraweb.service           # systemd unit
└── docs/
```

---

## 3. Database Schema (SQLite)

Three tables, created idempotently (`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS`) at startup by both daemon and API.

### topics
Represents a physical LoRaWAN device identified by DevEUI.

| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| id | TEXT (UUID v4) | Primary key |
| topic | TEXT UNIQUE | DevEUI |
| approved | INTEGER (0/1) | 0 = unknown, 1 = approved |
| last_seen | TEXT (RFC3339) | Last uplink timestamp |
| alarm_status | TEXT | active / warning / alarm / unknown |
| alarm_threshold_hours | REAL | Per-device threshold (0 = use global) |
| created_at | TEXT (RFC3339) | First registration |

### sensors
Logical sensor entity assigned to a topic.

| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| id | TEXT (UUID v4) | Primary key |
| name | TEXT | Display name |
| description | TEXT | Optional description |
| location | TEXT | Location string |
| sensor_type | TEXT | Type (e.g. "Temperatur") |
| active | INTEGER (0/1) | Active flag |
| topic_id | TEXT FK → topics.id | Assigned topic (nullable) |
| display_config | TEXT (JSON) | Per-sensor field config |
| created_at | TEXT (RFC3339) | Creation date |

### users

| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| id | INTEGER PK AUTOINCREMENT | Primary key |
| username | TEXT UNIQUE | Username |
| password_hash | TEXT | Argon2id hash |
| role | TEXT | "user" or "admin" |
| totp_secret | TEXT | Base32 TOTP secret (nullable) |
| totp_enabled | INTEGER (0/1) | 2FA active |
| created_at | TEXT (RFC3339) | Creation date |

---

## 4. Daemon Design

Single Rust binary running two async tasks via Tokio:

### 4.1 HTTP Ingest (Axum, Port 8080)

- `POST /?event=up`: Parse ChirpStack JSON → register unknown DevEUI in `topics` (approved=0) → write all `object` fields + RF metadata (rssi, snr, dr, f_cnt, f_port) to InfluxDB measurement `sensor_data`
- Tags: `dev_eui`, `device_name`, `application_name`
- Timestamp from ChirpStack `time` field
- Other events (join, ack, txack, log, status): return 200 OK, no processing
- InfluxDB errors: log and continue, no crash

### 4.2 Alarm Monitor (Tokio interval loop)

- Runs every `check_interval_secs` (default 60)
- Queries all topics with `approved=1`
- Per topic: use `alarm_threshold_hours` if > 0, otherwise global threshold
- Status logic:
  - `last_seen` is NULL → `unknown`
  - hours since last seen < warning threshold → `active`
  - hours since last seen < alarm threshold → `warning`
  - hours since last seen >= alarm threshold → `alarm`
- Updates `alarm_status` in SQLite

### 4.3 Configuration

Via `config` crate: loads `daemon-config.toml` + environment variables (prefix `LORAWEB__`).

| Key | Default | Description |
|-----|---------|-------------|
| http.bind | 0.0.0.0 | Bind address |
| http.port | 8080 | HTTP port |
| influx.url | http://localhost:8086 | InfluxDB URL |
| influx.token | — | API token |
| influx.org | loraweb | Organization |
| influx.bucket | sensors | Bucket |
| database.path | loraweb.db | SQLite path |
| alarm.warning_threshold_hours | 2.0 | Warning threshold |
| alarm.alarm_threshold_hours | 6.0 | Alarm threshold |
| alarm.check_interval_secs | 60 | Check interval |

### 4.4 Startup

Log banner showing ingest URL and ChirpStack configuration hint.

---

## 5. REST API Design

Axum on port 3001, shared SQLite DB with daemon.

### 5.1 Authentication

- `POST /api/auth/login`: Verify username/password (Argon2id)
  - If TOTP enabled: return `{ totp_required: true }`
  - Second request with TOTP code → issue JWT
  - If no TOTP: issue JWT directly
- JWT: HS256, 24h validity, contains user id + role
- Auth middleware extracts Bearer token, injects user info
- Default admin created at first startup (password from env var)

### 5.2 Endpoints

| Route | Method | Auth | Description |
|-------|--------|------|-------------|
| /api/auth/login | POST | No | Login (+ optional TOTP) |
| /api/sensors | GET | Yes | List all sensors |
| /api/sensors | POST | Yes | Create sensor |
| /api/sensors/:id | GET | Yes | Sensor detail |
| /api/sensors/:id | PUT | Yes | Update sensor |
| /api/sensors/:id | DELETE | Yes | Delete sensor (resets topic to unapproved) |
| /api/sensors/:id/data | GET | Yes | InfluxDB proxy, ?hours=N |
| /api/sensors/:id/display-config | GET | Yes | Get field config |
| /api/sensors/:id/display-config | PUT | Yes | Save field config |
| /api/topics | GET | Yes | List all topics |
| /api/topics/:id | PUT | Yes | Approve, assign, update |
| /api/topics/:id/threshold | PUT | Yes | Set alarm threshold |
| /api/alarms | GET | Yes | Alarm summary |
| /api/users | GET | Admin | List users |
| /api/users | POST | Admin | Create user |
| /api/users/:id | PUT | Admin | Update user |
| /api/users/:id | DELETE | Admin | Delete user |
| /api/users/:id/totp | POST | Admin | Enable 2FA (returns secret + QR URI) |
| /api/users/:id/totp | DELETE | Admin | Disable 2FA |

### 5.3 InfluxDB Proxy

- Sends Flux query to InfluxDB via reqwest
- Receives annotated CSV (after pivot)
- Parses CSV to JSON array server-side
- Returns JSON to frontend — no InfluxDB credentials exposed

---

## 6. Frontend Design

React 18 + TypeScript, Vite 6, Tailwind 4, Recharts.

### 6.1 Pages

1. **LoginPage**: Username/password form, conditional TOTP input step
2. **DashboardPage**: 4 status tiles (active/warning/alarm/unknown counts) + active alarm list
3. **SensorsPage**: Table (desktop) / cards (mobile), CRUD modals, DataModal with two tabs:
   - "Diagramme": Charts per configured panels (D1-D8), time selector, RF metadata toggle
   - "Einrichten": Per-field config (label, unit, chart type, panel assignment)
4. **UnknownTopicsPage**: List of unapproved topics, dropdown to assign to free sensors
5. **AlarmsPage**: Active alarms and warnings list
6. **UsersPage** (admin only): User CRUD, 2FA enable/disable

### 6.2 Charts (Recharts)

- **Line chart**: Time series, `connectNulls` enabled
- **Bar chart (daily)**: Frontend aggregates raw data by date
- **Bar chart (weekly)**: Frontend aggregates by calendar week
- **Pie chart**: Percentage distribution
- Fields assigned to panels D1-D8; same panel number = same chart
- RF metadata (RSSI, SNR, DR) toggleable in line charts
- Time ranges: 1h, 6h, 24h, 7d, 30d, 90d
- Data table below charts: last 20 values with configured labels/units

### 6.3 Responsive Layout

- Desktop (`lg:` breakpoint, 1024px+): Static sidebar navigation
- Mobile: Top bar with hamburger icon → animated slide-in drawer
- Tables switch to card lists on mobile (`hidden sm:block` / `sm:hidden`)
- DataModal: Centered overlay on desktop, bottom-sheet on mobile

### 6.4 Auth & State

- React Context API for auth state
- localStorage: `loraweb_token`, `loraweb_user`
- Axios interceptor: 401 response → automatic logout + redirect to login
- All pages auto-refresh every 15 seconds

---

## 7. Infrastructure

### 7.1 Docker Compose

Project name: `loraweb`. Four services:

| Service | Image | Ports (host) | Volumes |
|---------|-------|-------------|---------|
| daemon | Custom (Rust) | 8080 | loraweb-data:/data |
| api | Custom (Rust) | — (internal) | loraweb-data:/data |
| frontend | Custom (nginx) | 80 | — |
| influxdb | influxdb:2.7 | — (internal) | loraweb-influx:/var/lib/influxdb2 |

All containers run as user `loraweb` (UID 1001).

### 7.2 Dockerfiles

**Rust (daemon + api)**: Multi-stage build
- Stage 1: `rust:1.88-slim` → `cargo fetch` → `cargo build --release`
- Stage 2: `debian:bookworm-slim` → copy binary, create non-root user
- Build context: project root (Cargo workspace)

**Frontend**: Multi-stage build
- Stage 1: `node:20-alpine` → `npm install --legacy-peer-deps` → `npm run build`
- Stage 2: `nginx:alpine` → copy dist + nginx.conf

### 7.3 nginx.conf

- `location /api/` → `proxy_pass http://api:3001/api/`
- `location /` → serve static files, `try_files $uri /index.html` (SPA fallback)

### 7.4 systemd

`deploy/loraweb.service`:
- `WorkingDirectory=/opt/loraweb`
- `ExecStart=/usr/bin/docker compose up`
- `ExecStop=/usr/bin/docker compose down`
- `Restart=always`

### 7.5 Secrets

All via `.env` file (not in git). `.env.example` as template with:
- `JWT_SECRET`, `ADMIN_PASSWORD`
- `INFLUX_TOKEN`, `INFLUX_ORG`, `INFLUX_BUCKET`
- `DOCKER_INFLUXDB_INIT_*` for InfluxDB bootstrap

---

## 8. Implementation Order (Bottom-Up)

1. Database migrations (SQL file + programmatic init)
2. Daemon (HTTP ingest + alarm monitor)
3. REST API (auth, CRUD, InfluxDB proxy)
4. Frontend (pages, charts, responsive layout)
5. Docker & infrastructure (Dockerfiles, Compose, nginx, systemd)

Each layer is testable independently before the next is built.